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Industrial Revolution

發問:

How did the use of electricity improve the life of people by the end of the 19th century?

最佳解答:

The Industrial Revolution was a major shift of technological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions in the 18th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. It began with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.[1] The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Causes 2.1 Causes for occurrence in Europe 2.2 Causes for occurrence in Britain 2.3 Protestant work ethic 2.4 Lunar Society 3 Innovations 3.1 Transfer of knowledge 3.2 Industry 3.2.1 Mining 3.2.2 Metallurgy 3.2.3 Chemicals 3.2.4 Steam power 3.2.5 Textile manufacture 3.2.6 Factories 3.2.7 Machine tools 3.3 Transport 3.4 Navigable rivers 3.4.1 Coastal sail 3.4.2 Canals 3.4.3 Roads 3.4.4 Railways 4 Social effects 4.1 Child labour 4.2 Housing 4.3 Luddites 4.4 Organisation of labour 4.5 Other effects 5 Intellectual paradigms 5.1 Capitalism 6 Criticism 6.1 Marxism 6.2 Romantic Movement 7 Second Industrial Revolution 8 See also 9 Notes and References 10 Bibliography 10.1 General 10.2 Social and Political Impact 10.3 Causes 10.4 Local Studies 10.5 Coal, Metallurgy 10.6 Machine tools 10.7 Steam power 10.8 Transportation 11 External links Machine tools The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they enabled manufacturing machines to be made. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. The mechanical parts of early textile machines were sometimes called 'clock work' because of the metal spindles and gears they incorporated. The manufacture of textile machines drew craftsmen from these trades and is the origin of the modern engineering industry. Machines were built by various craftsmen—carpenters made wooden framings, and smiths and turners made metal parts. A good example of how machine tools changed manufacturing took place in Birmingham, England, in 1830. The invention of a new machine by William Joseph Gillott, William Mitchell and James Stephen Perry allowed mass manufacture of robust, cheap steel pen nibs; the process had been laborious and expensive. Because of the difficulty of manipulating metal and the lack of machine tools, the use of metal was kept to a minimum. Wood framing had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal frames became more common, but they required machine tools to make them economically. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels. Small metal parts were readily made by this means, but for large machine parts, production was very laborious and costly.

其他解答:

Typewriter used as an alternate energy source. Gasoline was also needed for transportation also changed from steam engines to the internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine made transportation faster and less public. A person could own a car instead of using public transportation. During this time, a new technology was born in the field of transportation. Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully completed the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk. The airplane industry was born. Darwin was a naturalist who devised the theory of evolution. It stated that all animals and plants evolution from a lower species. He also developed the concept of Social Darwinism that the strongest survive. Many people contested his ideas and argued against them.